Infectious Diseases Anthrax

Subject: Infectious Diseases Anthrax Sun Jan 02, 2011 8:04 pm

Anthrax is a serious
illness caused by a spore-forming bacterium, Bacillus anthracis.
Although anthrax affects mainly livestock and wild game, humans can
become infected through direct or indirect contact with sick animals.
Normally, anthrax isn't transmitted from person to person, but in rare
cases, anthrax skin lesions may be contagious.

Most often, anthrax bacteria enter your body through a wound in your
skin. You can also become infected by eating contaminated meat or
inhaling the spores. Symptoms, which depend on the way you're infected,
can range from skin sores to nausea and vomiting or shock.

Prompt treatment with antibiotics can cure most anthrax infections
contracted through the skin or contaminated meat. Inhaled anthrax is
more difficult to treat and can be fatal.

Symptoms

There are three types of anthrax, each with different signs and
symptoms. In most cases, symptoms develop within seven days of exposure
to the bacteria.

Cutaneous anthrax
This form of anthrax enters your body through a cut or other sore on
your skin. It's by far the most common form of the disease. It's also
the mildest — with appropriate treatment, cutaneous anthrax is seldom
fatal. Symptoms of cutaneous anthrax include:

* A raised, itchy bump resembling an insect bite that quickly develops into a painless sore with a black center
* Swelling in the sore and nearby lymph glands

Gastrointestinal anthrax
You contract this form of anthrax by eating undercooked meat from an infected animal. Signs and symptoms include:

* Nausea
* Vomiting, which is often bloody in the later stages of the disease
* Loss of appetite
* Fever
* Severe, bloody diarrhea in the later stages of the disease
* Sore throat and difficulty swallowing
* Swollen neck

Inhalation (pulmonary) anthrax
Inhalation anthrax develops when you breathe in anthrax spores. It's the
most deadly form of the disease and even with treatment is often fatal.
Initial signs and symptoms of inhalation anthrax include:

* Flu-like symptoms, such as sore throat, mild fever, fatigue and muscle aches, which may last a few hours or days
* Mild chest discomfort

As the disease progresses, you may experience:

* High fever
* Trouble breathing
* Shock
* Meningitis — a potentially life-threatening inflammation of the brain and spinal cord

When to seek medical advice
Many common illnesses start with symptoms that resemble the flu. Anthrax
is rare in the developed world, and the chances that your sore throat
and aching muscles are due to anthrax are extremely small.

If you think you may have been exposed — for example, if you work in an
environment where anthrax is likely to occur — see a doctor immediately
for evaluation and care. If you develop signs and symptoms of the
disorder after exposure to animals or animal products in parts of the
world where anthrax is common, seek prompt medical attention. Early
diagnosis and treatment are crucial.

nCauses

Anthrax spores are formed by bacteria that occur naturally in soil in
most parts of the world. The spores can remain dormant for years until
they find their way into a host — usually wild or domestic livestock,
such as sheep, cattle, horses, goats and camels. Although rare in the
United States, anthrax is still common throughout the developing world,
especially sub-Saharan Africa.

Most human cases of anthrax occur as a result of exposure to infected
animals or their meat or hides. In the United States, a few people have
developed anthrax while making traditional African drums from the skins
of infected animals.

One of the few known instances of non-animal transmission occurred in
the United States in 2001 when 22 people developed anthrax after being
exposed to spores sent through the mail. Five of those who were infected
died.

Risk factors

To contract anthrax, you must come in direct contact with anthrax spores. This is more likely if you:

* Are in the military and deployed to an area with a high risk of exposure to anthrax
* Work with anthrax in a laboratory setting
* Handle animal skins, furs or wool from areas with a high incidence of anthrax
* Work in veterinary medicine, especially if you deal with livestock
* Handle or dress game animals — in the United States, seasonal
outbreaks of anthrax are common among livestock and game animals, such
as deer

Complications

The most serious complication of anthrax is a fatal inflammation of the
membranes and fluid covering the brain and spinal cord, leading to
massive bleeding (hemorrhagic meningitis).

Preparing for your appointment

Because symptoms of anthrax often come on suddenly and can be very
serious, you might go immediately to the emergency room. If your
situation is less urgent, set up an appointment with your doctor as soon
as possible. In either case, it's helpful to prepare as much as
possible. Here are some suggestions:

* Write down any symptoms you're experiencing, including any that seem unrelated to anthrax exposure.
* Write down key personal information. Have you recently traveled to
a part of the world where anthrax is endemic? Are you exposed to
livestock, game animals or animal skins in your work or hobbies?
* Make a list of all medications, vitamins and supplements that you're taking.
* Take a family member or friend along, if possible. Sometimes it
can be difficult to absorb all the information provided to you in the
hospital or during an appointment. Someone who accompanies you may
remember something that you missed or forgot.
* Write down questions to ask your doctor. For instance, if you're
diagnosed with anthrax, you will want to know the type, the proposed
treatment and your prognosis.

Tests and diagnosis

Your doctor will first want to rule out other, more common conditions
that may be causing your signs and symptoms, such as flu (influenza) or
pneumonia. You may have a rapid flu test to quickly diagnose a case of
influenza. If other tests are negative, you may have further tests to
look specifically for anthrax, such as:

* Skin testing. A sample of fluid from a suspicious lesion on your
skin or a small tissue sample (biopsy) may be tested in a lab for signs
of cutaneous anthrax.
* Blood tests. You may have a small amount of blood drawn that's checked in a lab for anthrax bacteria.
* Chest X-ray or computerized tomography (CT) scan. Your doctor may
request a chest X-ray or CT scan to help diagnose inhalation anthrax.
* Endoscopy and stool samples. To diagnose intestinal anthrax, your
doctor may examine your throat or intestine with an endoscope — a thin,
flexible tube with a tiny camera at its tip. In some cases, a sample of
your stool may be checked for anthrax bacteria.
* Spinal tap (lumbar puncture). In this test, your doctor inserts a
needle into your spinal canal and withdraws a small amount of fluid. A
spinal tap is usually done only to confirm a diagnosis of anthrax
meningitis.

Treatments and drugs

The standard treatment for anthrax is a 60-day course of an antibiotic,
such as ciprofloxacin or doxycycline. Which antibiotic or combination of
antibiotics will be most effective for you depends on the type of
anthrax you have, your age, overall health and other factors. Treatment
is most effective when started as soon as possible.

Although some cases of anthrax respond to antibiotics, advanced
inhalation anthrax may not. By the later stages of the disease, the
bacteria have often produced more toxins than drugs can eliminate.

Prevention

Antibiotics are recommended to prevent infection in anyone exposed to
the spores. Ciprofloxacin and doxycycline are approved by the Food and
Drug Administration for post-exposure prevention of anthrax in adults
and children. Levofloxacin is also approved for use in adults.

Anthrax vaccine
An anthrax vaccine for humans is available, but it's not 100 percent
effective. The vaccine doesn't contain live bacteria and can't lead to
infection, but it can cause side effects, ranging from soreness at the
injection site to more-serious allergic reactions. The vaccine isn't
recommended for children, pregnant women or older adults.

Traditionally, vaccination has consisted of three shots given two weeks
apart, followed by three additional shots given at six, 12, and 18
months. But some research has shown that a less stringent schedule may
be equally effective with fewer side effects.

The vaccine isn't intended for the general public. Instead, it's
reserved for military personnel, scientists working with anthrax and
people in other high-risk professions.

Avoiding infected animals
If you live or travel in a country where anthrax is common and herd
animals aren't routinely vaccinated, avoid contact with livestock and
animal skins as much as possible. Also avoid eating meat that hasn't
been properly cooked.

Even in developed countries, it's important to handle any dead animal
with care and to take precautions when working with or processing
imported hides, fur or wool.

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